Why Adhika Masam Is Different: A Guide to the Extra Lunar Month
Adhika Masam is an extra
lunar month added every 2–3 years to synchronize the Hindu lunar calendar
with the solar year, unlike regular months which follow a fixed lunar cycle.
What Is Adhika Masam?
- Meaning:
Adhika means “extra” and Masam means “month” in Sanskrit.
- Purpose:
It adjusts the mismatch between the lunar year (354 days) and solar year
(365 days) by adding a 13th month approximately every 32.5 months.
- Occurrence:
Happens when the Sun does not transit into a new zodiac sign (rāshi)
during a lunar month. That month is then declared as Adhika Masam.
Key Differences Between
Adhika Masam and Regular Months
| Feature | Adhika Masam | Regular Lunar Month |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Once every 2–3 years | Every month (12 per year) |
| Number of Months | 13 months in that year | 12 months per lunar year |
| Solar Transit (Sankranti) | No solar transit during this month | Each month has a solar transit |
| Deity Association | Initially had no deity; later assigned to Lord Vishnu as Purushottama | Each month is associated with a specific deity |
| Festivals & Auspicious Events | Traditionally considered inauspicious for weddings and major rituals | Most months have festivals and auspicious timings |
| Spiritual Significance | Focus on charity, devotion, and spiritual practices | Mix of spiritual, social, and ritual events |
Cultural Notes
- In regions following the solar
calendar (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bengal), Adhika Masam is not observed.
- Despite being called Mala Masam (impure month), it is spiritually potent and ideal for japa, parayana, and dana.
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