Adhika Masam is an extra
lunar month added every 2–3 years to synchronize the Hindu lunar calendar
with the solar year, unlike regular months which follow a fixed lunar cycle.
What Is Adhika Masam?
- Meaning:
Adhika means “extra” and Masam means “month” in Sanskrit.
- Purpose:
It adjusts the mismatch between the lunar year (354 days) and solar year
(365 days) by adding a 13th month approximately every 32.5 months.
- Occurrence:
Happens when the Sun does not transit into a new zodiac sign (rāshi)
during a lunar month. That month is then declared as Adhika Masam.
Key Differences Between
Adhika Masam and Regular Months
| Feature | Adhika Masam | Regular Lunar Month |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Once every 2–3 years | Every month (12 per year) |
| Number of Months | 13 months in that year | 12 months per lunar year |
| Solar Transit (Sankranti) | No solar transit during this month | Each month has a solar transit |
| Deity Association | Initially had no deity; later assigned to Lord Vishnu as Purushottama | Each month is associated with a specific deity |
| Festivals & Auspicious Events | Traditionally considered inauspicious for weddings and major rituals | Most months have festivals and auspicious timings |
| Spiritual Significance | Focus on charity, devotion, and spiritual practices | Mix of spiritual, social, and ritual events |
Cultural Notes
- In regions following the solar
calendar (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bengal), Adhika Masam is not observed.
- Despite being called Mala Masam (impure month), it is spiritually potent and ideal for japa, parayana, and dana.
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